The Life of Michaelangelo essays

The Life of Michaelangelo essays Michelangelo Buonarroti was one of the best artists of all history. The word masterpiece comes to mind with a mention of his name. Michelangelos artwork was like none other as it captures the amazing beauty of the human condition. Michelangelo worked in a time of conflict between the powers of the Medici family in Florence and the Papacy in Rome. This conflicting period had a tremendous impact on Michelangelos life. Michelangelo Buonarroti was born on March 6, 1475 in a small village in Tuscany, known as Caprese. Despite being born in this small village, Michelangelo always thought of himself as a son of Florence, much like his father who considered himself a Citizen of Florence. Michelangelos mother was sick for most of the time Michelangelo knew her. Because of this, a nurse was hired to take care of Michelangelo. His mother died when he was the young age of six. Even before this Michelangelo was deprived of affection. This attributed to his touchy, isolated mannerism. Michelangelos father soon recognized his sons intelligence and desire to learn. By age 13, Michelangelo shocked his father when he agreed to apprentice in painter, Domenico Ghirlandaios workshop. Michelangelo spent a year studying fresco art, and after that went to learn sculpture in a school in the Medici gardens. Soon after that Lorenzo de Medici, the Magnificent asked Michelangelo into his home. By age 16, Michelan gelo had already produced at least two relief sculptures. These two sculptures, Centaurs and the Madonna of the Stairs, illustrate how Michelangelo had already achieved a unique style at such an early age. Around 1495, Michelangelo left Florence and headed for Rome. There he was able to view several classical statues and ruins. Soon there after, Michelangelo created his first large sculpture, a larger than life-sized Bacchus Bargello. This is one of the...

Prester John - Important Figure for Geography

Prester John - Important Figure for Geography In the twelfth century, a mysterious letter began to circulate around Europe. It told of a magical kingdom in the East that was in danger of being overrun by infidels and barbarians. This letter was supposedly written by a king known as Prester John. The Legend of Prester John Throughout the Middle Ages, the legend of Prester John sparked geographic exploration across Asia and Africa. The letter first surfaced in Europe as early as the 1160s, claiming to be from Prester (a corrupted form of the word Presbyter or Priest) John. There were over one-hundred different versions of the letter published over the following few centuries. Most often, the letter was addressed to Emanuel I, the Byzantine Emperor of Rome, though other editions were also often addressed to the Pope or the King of France. The letters said that Prester John ruled a huge Christian kingdom in the East, comprising the three Indias. His letters told of his crime-free and vice-free peaceful kingdom, where honey flows in our land and milk everywhere abounds. (Kimble, 130) Prester John also wrote that he was besieged by infidels and barbarians and he needed the help of Christian European armies. In 1177, Pope Alexander III sent his friend Master Philip to find Prester John; he never did. Despite that failed reconnaissance, countless explorations had the goal of reaching and rescuing Prester Johns kingdom that had rivers filled with gold and was the home of the Fountain of Youth (his letters are the first recorded mention of such a fountain). By the fourteenth century, exploration had proved that Prester Johns kingdom did not lie in Asia, so subsequent letters (published as a ten-page manuscript in several languages), wrote that the besieged kingdom was located in Abyssinia (present-day Ethiopia). When the kingdom moved to Abyssinia after a 1340 edition of the letter, expeditions and voyages began to head to Africa to rescue the kingdom. Portugal sent expeditions to find Prester John throughout the fifteenth century. The legend lived on as cartographers continued to include the kingdom of Prester John on maps through the seventeenth century. Throughout the centuries, the editions of the letter kept getting better and more interesting. They told of strange cultures that surrounded the kingdom and a salamander that lived in fire, which actually turned out to be the mineral substance asbestos. The letter could have been proven a forgery from the first edition of the letter, which copied exactly the description of the palace of Saint Thomas, the Apostle. Though some scholars think that the basis for Prester John came from the great empire of Genghis Khan, others conclude it was merely a fantasy. Either way, Prester John profoundly affected the geographical knowledge of Europe by stimulating interest in foreign lands and sparking expeditions outside of Europe.

Zara Fashion Retailer Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Zara Fashion Retailer - Assignment Example The paper "Zara Fashion Retailer Assignment" analyzes the success of Zara company. Zara’s success is mainly the result of their supply chain innovation, which means that unlike their competitors who often have to forecast the season’s fashion trends, and then wait another five months to sell them, Zara can deliver new styles and fashions in three to six weeks. This supply chain innovation was essential as the industry was prone to risks in mismatches of supply and demand, and this would result in disruption, longer waiting times and smaller margins of error (Kleindorfer 2004). To negate these effects Zara produces 50% of its products in-house, instead of outsourcing all manufacturing and production related processes. This has largely been made possible by Zara’s background, as Zara started life as a manufacturer. When Zara, as a manufacturer decided to compete in the retail sector, they became a retailer with manufacturing capacity (AI 2004). Instead of getting r id of this capacity, Zara identified this as an opportunity. This capacity also means that Zara is in possession of 18 manufacturing plants that are responsible for producing their fashion garments (AI 2004). Whilst other retailers are outsourcing to Asia and the Far East, Zara has integrated their manufacturing and retail aspects to minimise the uncertainties associated with long lead times, and predicting fashion trends months in advance. By outsourcing to outside the European continent or their home countries, Zara’s competitors.'s competitors are also introducing delays and errors in their business, as incorrect fashion predictions, could result in a massive loss of profits through dozens of unsold clothing. Clothing also needs to be stored, and as their competitors store large quantities, they have to store them in warehouses which add additional costs on the organisation. The risks of storing clothes in warehouses were recently highlighted by two separate cases in the m edia. In one case, fire gutted a warehouse used to store clothing for Primark and other retailers, and in another separate case, the European Union (EU) had placed quotas on clothing coming from China, which is were most retailers had outsourced their manufacturing and production. This resulted in significant delays and costs to these organisations, as they had to rectify a situation which could have been avoided. Zara also owns its own design and distribution teams that cover all the segments of retailing, further reducing any time delays with teams located in different locations, and it also ensures that their design and distribution quality is maintained as it is operated by people who understand the strategy and principles of Zara. Zara have managed to mass produce clothing with relatively higher levels of customisation than what normal mass production techniques would allow, but this is due to their smaller stock levels and the fact that they change their style on a frequent ba sis. This supply chain innovation seeks to eradicate the expenses and losses associated with mismatching demand and supply (Kleindorfer et al 2004). The current market demands that an organisation is able to deliver the goods and/or services as and when the customer demands. It is no longer acceptable for fashion retailers to delay trends for longer periods, so that they can get rid of existing stock. The stock sold at lower prices then represents a loss, as it would have taken up storage space further impeding on capacity. Customers also like to differentiate themselves and their own

The Nature of Leadership Style in Nursing Management Research Paper

The Nature of Leadership Style in Nursing Management - Research Paper Example The research article ‘The Nature of Leadership style in Nursing Management’ by John Azaare and Janet Gross addresses the problem of leadership among the nurse managers, and how their leadership styles affect nurses and general operations of the health facility setting. The authors have adequately defined the problem as addressed in the research paper. Therefore, the purpose of the study is adequately stated and defined as identifying the style of leadership adopted by nurse leaders, the effectiveness of such leadership styles, and evaluating how different nurses react to such leadership styles in healthcare settings, are taken into account. The study is significant to nursing; it highlights problems in the administration of healthcare facilities and sensitizes nurse managers to adopt effective leadership styles that are evidence-based, and avoid styles that may demoralize the staff leading to low productivity. The significance of the study is to identify the nurse leader ship styles in most developing nations such as Ghana, and how it affects the operations of healthcare facilities. The paradigm in use in the study is the naturalistic paradigm. In a naturalistic paradigm, there are a number of realities involved, which can only be studied holistically; they cannot be controlled, though a good level of understanding regarding these issues can be achieved. Similarly, in this research, there are a number of factors at play in determining the leadership styles of a nurse manager.... This approach increases the value of the study in that by connecting all the aspects of an inquiry in determining nurse managers’ leadership styles, and the effectiveness of such leadership in nursing, the researchers indirectly bring out a certain preferred approach to the idea of nurse leadership. Such preferred approach would be a managerial style that increases nurse motivation while promoting cooperation between the nurse and nurse manager. The theoretical framework which involves citing of previous researches is well integrated throughout the research. Using such a framework in the qualitative research allows the researchers to have some grounds through which they critically examine similar issues regarding nurse managers in different locations. Ethical Aspects The research adequately observed all the ethical requirements, and exhausted the necessary approval and permission from authorities before carrying out the research. Such included obtaining permission from the rel evant hospital authorities before carrying out the research, requesting the nurse to participate in the research willingly, well informed, and by not revealing the names of the respondents and the hospitals in which the research was carried out. However, the author did not take due diligence in protecting the nurses from harm. The research portrays the nurse leaders as harsh and people who use authority to suppress their subordinates. The nurses participating in the above research were outsourced from nursing units and wards in the two hospitals. All the respondents were directly under a nurse manager in these hospitals. Consequently, there were chances of such nurse being victimized by the nurse managers

Proposed HR Program for CompuLearn Essay Example for Free

Proposed HR Program for CompuLearn Essay CompuLearn is a private sector provider of IT-based teaching and learning programmes in business and management based in the UK, with corporate headquarters in Preston, Lancashire and with trading centers in Mumbai, Nairobia and Dubai. Its current global market is focused in the Middle East, Asia, Africa, with 200 education centers in 30 countries. CompuLearn partners with UK universities which validates its programs so that   students are able to qualify in the University programs leading to academic degrees. Its current manpower complement numbers 50 employees mostly based in the corporate office in Preston, Lancashire doing the following functions: Program Development, Customer Service, HR, Marketing, Finance, Sales, IT, Quality Assurance. CompuLearn has embarked on a mission to be market leader in e-learning delivery of University validated programs and foremost learning company in the world. It is on an expanded growth program and it adopted a new strategy to extend to 500 education centers in 60 countries over a span of 3 years. The role of HR is very critical in this new strategy, which is to attract top IT experts. It could be a relatively easy task if not for the following: 1. There is a high turn over in the IT industry in UK and new employees leave after only one month for a new job that offers better pay. 2. CompuLearn has a limited training system in place. Its strategy is to recruit highly trained staff instead of training them in house. The allocated budget for training is almost used up and was used to train the Sales team. 3. Employees have limited management skills as they are mostly technical staff whose training is not in the soft skills development. 4. The company does not have a Performance Appraisal System in place. 5. The staff at the corporate headquarters do not have a comfortable relationship with the staff of the UK universities largely due to complaints of attitude. 6. The HR Director’s strength is in micro-managing and does not have expertise in long-term management plans for the company employees. The Limitations and Constraints Faced by the Company The HR Department will play a very strategic role in supporting the growth of CompuLearn. Among other things, it needs to address the following limitations and constraints faced by the company, whether internally caused or faced by the industry in general: 1. The high turn over rate in the IT industry in UK 2. The lack of a professional or well-developed training and development program for employees 3. The employees’ limited skills in management, customer service and other soft skills 4. The lack of a well-placed Performance Appraisal System 5. The not-so-friendly attitude of the academic staff of the Universities towards the company employees at the corporate headquarters 6. The limited knowledge and skills of the HR Director in long-term planning for the management of the employees Recommendations The HR strategies recommended are based on the following assumptions: 1. Budget The company is working on a limited budget, which is just around 30% of the  annual budget of 25,000 Euros. 2. Lead Department The HR Department will take the lead in implementing the strategies. The HR Director shall formally appoint the section heads to serve as lead persons in implementing the strategies in their respective sections. The HR Director has the free hand in creating working committees to participate in the entire process from planning to implementation. The process will be participatory and with some amount of consultation from the employees. 3. Timetable The strategies are proposed for implementation on a focused basis within the first year (Year 1 Month 1 to Month 12). Beginning Year 2 (Month 13) the focus of the activities will be on monitoring, evaluation, and implementation of improvements. 4. HR Management Perspective/Model Available literature identify different HR Management models that attempt to explain the various strategies adopted by different companies. General classifications fall under the â€Å"soft† and â€Å"hard† models, based on the definitions of employees considered as either â€Å"human† or â€Å"resource†. The hard versions consider employees as resource and adopt a rational approach to managing them, aligning their HR strategies with the strategies of the business. The soft version, on the other hand, considers employees as human and adopts strategies to train and develop them (Bratton and Gold, p. 5). The recommendations adopted in this case will be based more on the soft version of human resource management. Focus will be more on training and development as well as in developing commitment from employees. A limited form of the hard version will however allow the HR to link the strategies with the overall corporate strategy of the company. In analyzing the challenge faced by CompuLearn, a simplistic framework was designed around the following questions, based on the limitations/constraints faced by the company and to become the basis for the strategies: 1. On the high turn-over rate in the IT industry How can CompuLearn keep its employees from leaving the company after short- term engagement only? Or how can the company motivate its employees to stay longer? 2. On the lack of a professional training and development program Should the company train in-house or continue to hire experts from outside? 3. On the employees’ limited skills in management, customer service, and other soft skills. How can the employees learn the soft skills and apply them at work? 4. On the lack of a well-placed Performance Appraisal System Is there a need to formulate or adopt a Performance Appraisal System? 5. On the not-so-friendly attitude of the academic staff of the Universities towards the company employees at the corporate headquarters How can there be a more cordial relationship between the two parties? How can the company make the employees appreciate the importance of having good relations with the University staff? Can this be done through training or should the company replace those who transact with the University staff with other company employees, either through job rotation or job enrichment? 7. On the limited knowledge and skills of the HR Director in long-term planning for the management of the employees. Should the HR Director undertake refresher courses in management? Or should the company hire a new HR person who has the skills in long term planning to assist the HR Director? Below is a presentation of the proposed HR strategies and programs, in matrix form,   that can be implemented under the leadership of the HR Director. They are composed of both short term and long term strategies. The short-term strategies are those that can be immediately implemented, within the first six months from the time the recommendations will be adopted. The long term strategies are those that can be adopted over a longer period and on a continuing basis like the periodic reviews of policies and developing a system whereby improvements can take place every so often whenever warranted. It will be observed that most of the strategies will be newly introduced to the company and it can be expected that certain difficulties will be met. This will include among other things, resistance to the changes to be introduced, the difficulty of the HR Department to implement them for lack of the appropriate knowledge and skills, and with some â€Å"difficult† employees. This is all part of the process of the HR accepting the initial resistance  to the changes. The HR should be firm and consistent but at the same time adopting an attitude of openness and willingness to see through the improvements. Education and training are two important components of an empowered workforce. The saying that a company is only as good as its weakest employee is very much applicable here. Each employee is responsible for knowing about his company and performing according to the expectations set at the time of his engagement. However, it is the job of HR to find the employees who have the potential to learn more and continuously give them the opportunities to develop their knowledge and skills.

The Value of Sex in Romeo and Juliet and Measure for Measure Essay

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Renaissance England often treats female sex and virginity as a commodity. Shakespeare recognizes this belief system in Measure for Measure and Romeo and Juliet. In Romeo and Juliet, Juliet's virginity acts as a commodity. However, it is not her commodity; rather, it belongs to her father. Capulet uses it as a bartering tool. In act three, scene four, he makes a marriage agreement with Paris. He says, "Sir Paris, I will make a desperate tender / Of my child's love. I think she will be ruled / In all respects by me. Nay, more, I doubt it not" (12-14). The first definition in the Oxford English Dictionary defines tender as "to offer or advance (a plea, issue, averment; evidence, etc.) in due and formal terms; spec. to offer (money, etc.) in discharge of debt or liability" (def. 1). The OED cites Littleton's Tenures in 1544 as an example of this definition: "The Lorde maye tender a conuenient mariage wythout deperagyng of such an heir female." Subsequent definitions also define tender as "to make (physically) tender, soft, or weak" (def. 2d). These definitions prove the ecconomic value of Juliet's body. Capulet weakens Juliet physica lly in 3.5 by ordering her to marry Paris or "beg, starve, die in the streets" (192). In many productions, Capulet strikes Juliet, emphasizing her "tender" state. He has full control over Juliet's life and consequently, her body. Her virginity is a bartering tool, something he can sell on a whim to the highest bidder. Within this system of arranged marriages, sex functions as a commodity.    Measure for Measure also speaks to the commodification of sex by highlighting female virginity, those who are and those who aren't. In this play, female virginity functions as a... ...odity, desperately sought after by men. Their commodity places them in a double bind: "To be sexually active is to be suspect, to be a virgin is to be desirable and therefore potentially sexually active and potentially suspect. Either way women lose. Either way they are sexualised" (Macfarlane 78).       Works Cited:    Carlson, Susan. "'Fond Fathers' and Sweet Sisters: Alternative Sexualities in Measure for Measure." Essays in Literature 16:1 (1989): 13-31.    MacFarlane, Linda. "Heads You Win Tails I Lose." Critical Survey 5:1 (1993): 77-82.    Riefer, Marcia. "'Instruments of Some More Mightier Member': The Construction of Female Power in Measure for Measure." Shakespeare Quarterly 35:2 (1984): 157-169.    Shakespeare, William. Measure for Measure. Greenblatt 2021-2090. ---. Romeo and Juliet. Greenblatt 865-941.

“Shrouded in Contradiction” by Gelareh Asayesh

In the essay â€Å"Shrouded in Contradiction† by Gelareh Asayesh discusses the distention of gender in her Islamic society. She expresses her feeling toward wearing a hijab and how it’s not a big deal until it is. â€Å"None have been more daring than I. I've wound my scarf into a turban, leaving my neck bare to the breeze. The woman in black is a government employee paid to police public morals. †Fix your scarf at once! † she snaps. †But I'm hot,† I say. †You're hot? † she exclaims. ‘Don't you think we all are? † I start unwinding my makeshift turban. The men aren’t hot,† I mutter. Her companion looks at me in shocked reproach. â€Å"Sister, this isn’t about men and women,† she said, shaking her head. â€Å"This is about Islam. † I want to argue. I feel like a child. Defiant, but powerless. Burning with injustice, but also with a hint of shame. † In this excerpt, she clearly expres ses the way that a hijab is about a lot more than a religious article of clothing.It’s a societal definition of genders. She expresses the way that the hijab can become complicated do to the societal views. She feels a strong sense of injustice because on a hot scorching day by the sea short, as a result of their sexuality women have to endure the heat in silence under there hijab. When she expresses her discomfort, she is reproach by a women officer. She reminded her; that the hijab has nothing to do with being a woman or a man, but is about being an Islamic woman.Thus, lies the contradiction, gender does play a role within the Islamic religion and society. This dictates the way in which a woman should dresses, and is expected to behave. This excerpt correlates with the main topic of this essay, by explaining the role of clothing in an Islamic society. She also links this excerpt by expressing the powerless and guilty feelings she felt when the officer reproach her. There sh e was a women, yet she felt â€Å"†¦like a child. † Because of the societal rules and expectations that where being demanded of her.

The Impact Of A Globalized Economy Economics Essay

In the current twenty-four hours, we are populating in an economic system which is globalized and this is clearly apparent. The whole universe is undergoing transmutation at a really high velocity as clip goes by. Krueger ( 1994 ) observes that, Local, national and regional economic systems one time comparatively insulated from each other are engaged in a apparently grim procedure of planetary integrating characterized by spread outing trade and competition, private sector-driven investing, market friendly authorities financial and pecuniary policies, the spread outing embracing of scientific discipline and modern engineering, and the planetary spread of a common, cross-cultural mass consumer products-driven civilization ( p13 ) . While it is established that the procedure of globalisation commenced 100s of old ages ago, on the other manus, the velocity at which this procedure has been traveling has merely increased in the last century ( 20th century ) and in this new century, the velocity is seen to be increasing even more. The international corporations are playing a major function in rushing up the rate at which globalisation is taking topographic point. Merely until in the recent times, people lived in a universe that was extremely divided in which there was capitalist economy and communism and the universe was besides being greatly militarized, with each state traveling its ain manner. However, in the present twenty-four hours, things are different and have greatly changed. In the current universe, each and every state is endeavoring to deduce some political and economic benefits coming from the economic growing which is broad and market driven. This paper is traveling to see the extent to which globalisation of the economic system has taken topographic point. It is traveling to be established that, globalisation of the economic system is presently at a higher degree as compared to the globalisation of the economic system in the last century. It is besides traveling to be indicated that, the planetary economic system is traveling to be at a even a higher degree in the approaching 20 old ages and besides beyond this clip.The Extend to which the economic system is globalizedHarmonizing to the Association of Chartered Certified Accountants ( 2010 ) , in the current twenty-four hours, the planetary economic system is at a tipping degree. This association points out that â€Å" the old readings of success, growing and planetary stature has been based on motion in Fortune, CAC, FTSE, DAx and Hang Seng indices, tracking multinationals based in a few dominant states † ( Page 6 ) . An reading like this one is undergoing altera tion at a extremist gait to do acknowledgment of the strengths that are based in the parts which are holding the market strengths that are non similar but are instead diverse. These diverse strengths are traveling to give a definition to the planetary economic system in clip to come. The Association of Chartered Certified Accountants ( 2010 ) observes that globalisation will still travel on in the hereafter and this will convey about a universe of â€Å" flatter † . Harmonizing to their apprehension, globalisation which is invariably undergoing development will derive form ensuing from these strengths in the diverse markets that is being perceived in the assorted parts of the universe. At the corporate degree, it is expected that there will come up a universe of what is referred to as â€Å" tradesmans † and fresh concern federations and this will come along with those coactions that are greater among the markets, community and besides among concerns. The support for this cooperation will arise from the support that is traveling to be offered by increasing ordinances in harmonisation. Following this, the planetary concern ‘ hereafter is seen to be more complex and non really much clear cut. At the present, the planetary argument is being dominated by a larger group formed by the states in the universe. The Association of Chartered Certified Accountants ( 2010 ) , points out that, â€Å" originally steered by the G5 – France, Germany, Japan, the U.S and the U.K- the planetary economic system was progressively influenced by Canada, Belgium, Italy, the Netherlands, Sweden, and Switzerland, taking to G11 † ( page 6 ) . However, doing acknowledgment of the developing state ‘s impact has resulted in the leaders all over the universe to hold credence of the G20 states as the fresh planetary foundation. Following this credence, the universe leaders have embraced an of all time broader group in argument sing the planetary economic system while there is distributing of economic influence to several parts. In the hereafter, there will be much powerful competition for the natural resources. This will name for the demand to hold an international attack that will hold to be coordinated at a higher degree in order to recognize entree to adequate resources every bit good as procuring these resources. Among resources are oil, being the most of import one, nutrient, H2O and minerals. It is besides projected that, there will be growing of the planetary market in ways that are varied and this growing will be dependent upon the handiness of resources, the parts and on the partnerships that will be formed. There will be convergence of the ordinances regulating fundss across the markets all over the universe and at the same clip there will be traveling on of the universe regulative cooperation. From this, there will be facilitation in conveying about an addition in the handiness of the beginnings of fundss and besides an addition in capital flow volumes every bit good as the values of this capital. The function that will be played by each authorities in the hereafter is given definition to by stressing private concern facilitation. Careful administration is rather important while globalisation of the economic system goes on. In the hereafter, new systems will be set up in order to guarantee seting the universe of tradesmans in a better place ( Association of Chartered Certified Accountants, 2010 ) . Basically, there is altering of the universe phase and this is ensuing from globalisation and growth of the markets that are coming up. It is projected that by the twelvemonth 2030, this tendency will hold brought about a flattering of the economic scene ( Association of Chartered Certified Accountants, 2010 ) . In the hereafter, a smaller figure of the restrictions on globalisation will convey approximately much more competition. However, this competition that is projected to come up will non be looked at as being a conflict. The states in the universe are seen to be sharing among themselves wealth and helping one another in the class of the competition. Therefore, in the hereafter, competition will non be looked at as being a game in which there will emerge also-rans and victors but instead as a instance in which all the participants in the game are playing in one squad with those economic systems that are developed and those that are coming up sitting on the same tabular array to portion thoughts every bit good as capital and the best ways of transporting out concern. The Association of Chartered Certified Accountants ( 2010 ) , quotes the manager of PriceWaterCoopers, Malaysia in which he says that there will be equilibrating once more of the planetary economic system while it tries to set to the crisis ( fiscal ) by turning out to be to a great extent reliant to the United States of America. The manager hopes that the economic systems that are emerging will come up with the market bunchs that are new and this will hold to hike an economic chance that is two manner between the United States of America and other states with which they trade. Therefore, there will be publicity of the trade in which there is a two manner flow of goods and services alternatively of holding a universe in which the goods are transported to the United States of America and at the same clip capital is taken to the East. Establishing on this is information, it is expected that globalisation will no longer be driven by the transnational corporations that have roots in the economic systems that are developed but instead it will every bit good be driven by the international concern organisations that are based in those markets that are coming up or emerging ( Jagdish, 2004 ) . The indexs or instead, the marks of the lifting adulthood are clearly being seen in the current yearss at an increasing degree. In the class of the last 10 old ages, the entire figure of the transnational corporations based in emerging economic systems in the Fortune Global 500 has gone up by more than three times. For case, in the twelvemonth 2008, there were over 70 transnational companies from the emerging markets and the portion of these markets is increasing together with the significance they have in the universe equity markets. The Association of Chartered Certified Accountants ( 2010 ) points out that at the clip there had been recovery from fiscal crisis of the 1990s ( Asiatic crisis ) â€Å" private capital flows to low and middle-income economic systems more than quadrupled from $ 200 billion in the twelvemonth 2000 to over $ 900 billion in the twelvemonth 2007 † . The fiscal crisis that commenced from the twelvemonth 2007 has emphasized the procedure by indicating out the failings of the fiscal constructions of some developed economic systems and at the same clip indicating out the strengths of the fiscal constructions of the economic systems that are emerging. There will be a state of affairs where there will be a displacement in the economic power but this power will be stronger in the economic systems that are already developed in the current twenty-four hours and these already developed economic systems would travel on portraying their power of being advanced. The stableness in the economic system every bit good as the political stableness the developed economic systems have would convey back growing and this will keep these economic systems at the topmost degree of the value concatenation. These economic systems will travel on being the compositors of the thoughts. And on the other manus, the economic systems that are emerging will travel on following the Western consumerism theoretical account ( Todaro & A ; Smith, 2003 ) . While the theoretical account of Western consumerism goes on ruling globally, those Western economic systems that are smaller would raise the degree of taking portion in the planetary economic system, doing the G grouping larger. These economic systems in the West that are smaller will follow the entrepreneurial spirit and an addition in the political power will help them to emerge above the laterality that is exercised on them by the bigger Western economic systems ( Todaro & A ; Smith, 2003 ) . Harmonizing to Pythes Market Focus ( 2009 ) , the planetary crisis that came up in the recent times was grounds plenty that we are really populating in a globalized economic system. It was a prove that we are populating in an economic system that is interconnected to a degree that changes in the rates ( exchange and involvement ) , the monetary values of stocks every bit good as the monetary values of goods and services have influences in most of the universe. It has been realized that we are really populating in a planetary economic system Pythes Market Focus ( 2009 ) , make an accent that no individual or group of people that are in their right senses can non hold a belief in the benefits that are derived from planetary integrating. These benefits are such benefits as division of labour at an international degree, the moving of inventions at a quicker velocity from one part of the universe to the other, holding freedom of coming up with picks sing the transportation of capital, goo ds and services internationally every bit good as free motion of thoughts from one state to the other in the universe. Pythes Market Focus ( 2009 ) , pose a inquiry about those who support the Laissez-faire philosophy, which is – â€Å" free markets are self-sufficient and market surpluss will rectify themselves provided the authoritiess or regulators do non step in in the market topographic point † ( Page, 2 ) as whether or non they are supposed to be justified. They go farther to present another inquiry refering the issue of whether or non the Laissez-faire philosophy is taken as a failure or non in the bing planetary crisis. There is less or sometimes no support for province intercession on the issues refering the economic system by Laissez-faire doctrine. This doctrine gives support to peculiar types of autonomies that are negative in resistance to the autonomies that are positive like the redistribution of wealth by the state. This resistance by the Laissez-faire doctrine is on the footing of the belief that distribution of wealth facilitates taking off of wealth from those sectors that are much more productive and apportioning them to those sectors that non much productive and this brings about a decrease in productiveness and a diminution in the motive to work ( Peter, 2001 ) . Pythes Market Focus ( 2009 ) present an thought that Laissez-faire goes in front to give an statement that whatever impermanent equality of consequences that are achieved from redistribution would neglect with velocity with no coercion for the ground that persons do possess varied grades of motive every bit good as the native capablenesss and would come up with varied determinations on the footing of the values they have that are different among them. More so Individualistic nowadayss an statement that inequality that is stuff is an indispensable consequence that comes from the freedom to do picks about which actions to prosecute in without enforcing these actions to other people. This turns out to prefer those that are impersonal in respect to the varied competing involvements which groups that seek to hold power ( political ) every bit good as privileges in a state have for any likely intercession that is made by the authorities. The authorities intercessions that is sought from the authorities harmonizing to Pythes Market Focus ( 2009 include â€Å" ordinance, making legal monopolies, viing Torahs, or revenue enhancements, protectionism, maximization of economic public-service corporation † ( Page 2 ) . Pythes Market Focus ( 2009 ) , present a inquiry as to whether or non the planetary economic system is acquiring uncontrolled on an increasing degree due to the absence of the ordinances that are suited. They put it that the deficiency of the ability by the shapers of policies to transport out the enforcement of ordinances that are bing by conveying in those that are more rigorous and even more complex will convey approximately pandemonium and a regulative system that is multi-level and holding much more bureaucratism. This will be at the cost of capital motion and anything else that is positive that consequences from it. Each and every society requires holding some common values that ensures there is keeping together. This end can non be served by the market values entirely for the ground that market values merely makes a contemplation of what a individual participant is ready and willing to offer to another market participant in the class of an exchange. With no uncertainty, there is demand for the society to hold establishments to be put in topographic point to help in recognizing such societal ends as societal justness every bit good ; as political freedom ( Dani, 1996 ) . However, among some states, these societal establishments have been put in topographic point and the large inquiry is why such establishments have non been put in gait in the planetary society. It is true in stating that planetary society development has moved at a really slow gait in comparing to the planetary economic system growing. We are populating in a planetary society that has varied imposts every bit good as traditions and faiths, different categories of people dominated by racism in which even if there are claims of holding regard for human rights, this society still remains to miss flawlessness ( Stiglitz, 2003 ) . Causing what is referred to as â€Å" freer planetary market economic system † turning out to be less free through conveying in more limitations and complex processs is rather â€Å" toxicant † . It is a good determination to set much focal point on what brought about the bing economic crisis. And this cause was deficiency of the ability by the policy shapers to guarantee the enforcement of equal current jurisprudence and non disregarding the jurisprudence by coming up with more statute law that will, in an automatic mode, kill the motion of capital in a free mode.DecisionGlobalization began 100s of old ages ago but the velocity at which this procedure has been traveling has merely increased in the last century and even in this century this velocity is seen to be increasing even more. The international corporations are playing a major function in rushing up the rate at which globalisation is taking topographic point. The planetary crisis that came up in the recent times was clear grounds that we are really populating in a globalized economic system. It was a prove that we are populating in an economic system that is interconnected to a degree that changes in the rates ( exchange and involvement ) , the monetary values of stocks every bit good as the monetary values of goods and services have influences in most of the universe. It has been realized that we are populating in a planetary economic system in which people, goods and capital can travel freely. This besides applies to direct investings every bit good as the fiscal minutess. Globalization of the economic system will still travel on in the hereafter and this will convey about a universe of â€Å" flatter † . The globalisation that is invariably undergoing development will derive form ensuing from the strengths in the diverse markets that is being perceived in the assorted parts of the universe. At the corporate degree, it is expected that there will come up a universe of what is referred to as â€Å" tradesmans † and fresh concern federations and this will come along with those coactions that are greater among the markets, community and among concerns. The support for this cooperation will arise from the support that is traveling to be offered by lifting ordinances in harmonisation. Following this, the planetary concern ‘ hereafter is seen to be more complex.. It is expected that globalisation will no longer be driven by the transnational corporations that have roots in the economic systems that are developed but instead it will every bit good be driven by the international concern organisations that are based in those markets that are emerging. The indexs of the lifting adulthood are clearly being seen in the current yearss on an increasing degree. In the class of the last 10 old ages, the entire figure of the transnational corporations based in emerging economic systems in the Fortune Global 500 has gone up by more than three times. Taking an illustrations, in the twelvemonth 2008, there were over 70 transnational companies from the emerging markets and the portion of these markets is increasing together with the significance they have in the universe equity markets. It has besides been seen that there will be a state of affairs where there will be a displacement in the economic power but this power will be stronger in the economic systems that are already developed in the current twenty-four hours and these already developed economic systems would travel on portraying their power of being advanced. The stableness in the economic system every bit good as the political stableness the developed economic systems have would convey back growing and this will keep these economic systems at the topmost degree of the value concatenation. These economic systems will travel on being the compositors of the thoughts. And on the other manus, the economic systems that are emerging will travel on following the Western consumerism theoretical account.

Film Analysis Essay Essay Example

Film Analysis Essay Essay Example Film Analysis Essay Essay Film Analysis Essay Essay in the year 2054. Justice Departments elite Pre-Crime unit has eliminated all ruder by preventing it and punishing the supposed perpetrators before crimes ever happen. This is made possible by three gifted human beings called Pre-Cogs, whose dreams or visions are projected to holographic screens manipulated mostly by Chief John Anderson (Tom Cruise). : The system is believed to be infallible, or so John Anderson thought, until he is identified to be committing a murder in less than 36 hours. To prove his innocence and a high suspicion of set-up, Anderson has to run and uncover the truth, and so the film goes on, packed with chilly sense of suspense and adrenaline, but all he while conjuring elusive answers to dilemmas is it moral for a person to be imprisoned for a crime he has yet to commit? Does intention equate action? Is it ethical to enslave three gifted psychics for a crime system to work, undermining their civil liberties and those of others as well, in reverence of a crime system that claims perfection and error-free conception? Does an incorruptible bureaucracy even exist? If the Pre-Cogs are never wrong, is it justified enough to reduce or worse, abandon mans unique ability to think, to choose, and ultimately guide his own actions? Was technology conceived to serve and profit man or does it exist to oblige humans? Throughout the film, Spielberg supports the story and the characters in an attempt to provide answers, and yet leaves the audience to decide for himself, while experiencing a cerebral thriller and high-wired action, remembering though, to push these elements aside to play second fiddle to human decency and dignity. The film is fraught with astounding images a display of vast encroachments of sophisticated technology that changes the way people live, but not significantly altering the essence of being human. The opening sequence grabs and envelops the viewer as John Anderson dexterously illustrates how the Pre-Crime unit works. The names of the victims and perpetrators are etched on either red or brown balls that drop through tubes like lottery balls; the former indicates a crime of passion, while the latter is one with premeditation. The Pre-Cogs, immersed in a nutrient-filled pool, work together to project their visions or dreams of future murders to a holographic screen suspended in mid-air. The images are analyzed in an enclosed, glass-controlled panel where John Ender-ton resembles a homophony orchestra conductor as he manipulates the images, sweeps them away, restores them, forwards, and rewinds, while all the while piecing together the clues that give the exact location of the murder and verify identities of the perpetrators. While the images are visual feasts by themselves, it is remarkable how Anderson and the rest of his crew render meaning to what they see, piecing together evidence in the same usual and realistic manner in any law-enforcement unit, only this time, solving the crime much faster and more tech-savvy. Nevertheless, the opening sequence exhibits technology complementing and even yielding to the brilliance of human thinking( ). The technological perspective and images offered by the film Of what the future would look like in 50 years is also conceivable. It blends the old with the new fascinating vertical cities, magnetic and non- earthbound cars, voice-activated lights and appliances, holographic ads and virtual billboards catering unashamedly to personal needs, and animated but annoying cereal box figures and live newspaper newsfeed reminiscent of washes seen in Harry Potter. These are all integrated with contemporary mages old houses and present-day shops and malls, shabby apartments and regular neighborhoods, some teeming still with drug dealers, congested highways, Washington monument and Capitol still standing, subway trains, people still reading newspapers and wearing glasses, police still wielding sick sticks while in pursuit, and people still stricken with common colds. Even the use of electronic spiders scurrying around to scan retinas for identification, set up against a common tenement background, exudes a casual, assimilated feeling, as if the residents are accustomed to them. Though evidently objected to an unwelcome intrusion, the characters were shown to be still practicing normal, everyday occurrences having dinner, exchanging heated arguments, having sex still in the conventional way, and little children being frightful of spiders electronic or not ( These images, though crafted for entertainment and pure cinema, are still imbued with social relevance, brimming with normal human emotions and sensitivity. More important, they present insights on the probable discordance between high-end technology and human privacy. Striking is the clever use of desiderated colors, grainy texture, and cold sighting to render the film its stark mood suggesting a thrilling journey into interior darkness the propensity and capacity of a person to commit a grave action. The entire film is dominated in almost monochromatic, muted hues of blue and gray that explore a cold, bleak futuristic atmosphere paralleling the ominous, sinister events that the Pre-Cogs are seeing. In all their visions of homicide the drowning of Anne Lively ( ), the stabbing of an unfaithful wife ( the shooting of Leo Crow by John Anderson ( and the killing of Anderson by Lamar Burgess ( ) the scenes are all in black and white resembling the films f the asss, cunningly providing a witty blend between futuristic atmosphere and murky motives and cryptic attitudes of men, effectively rendering the film its chilly thrill and suspense. The use of cold, silvered tone also serves to mirror deep, powerful emotions of grief and loss that John Anderson is experiencing as he spends a night in his apartment with its cold and loveless light ( ). Overall, the preponderance of breath taking blends between the nostalgic conventions with modern science fiction only serves to magnify the tales of the human dark side. The film is also characterized by dazzling, graceful camera moves employed in both fast paced action and choreographed stills. In one spectacular chase scene, the camera astonishingly swept up and down as John Anderson gets out of an electromagnetic car and leaps from one cart another while in a steep, vertical incline ( The camera sweeps interspersed with computer generated graphics are flawlessly mixed with the live-action shots making the special effects resemble real life. However, the same casual grace and choreographed camera moves also bring the viewer down to realism. In another chase where John Anderson escapes with Ghats aiding him with her pre-cognitive power, it is hard not to notice that amidst the wit of the sequence of Ghatss emotional, yet strong instructions to Anderson to run, move, or wait in an effort to elude the detectives in pursuit ( she is still wearing the traditional khakis of today purchased from Gap (supposedly still existing) by Anderson in an earlier scene ( More unforgettable is the heart- pounding scene where electronic spiders were out to get John Anderson and he had to immerse himself in a tub of ice water to avoid detection. Close to he end of the scene when the spiders were leaving, a bubble surfacing and bursting in the tub drew the last spiders attention ( ). The exquisite timing and choreography by which this spider senses something and pauses in mid- step elegantly combines the wit of technology with a believable creature, resembling at least in concept, a miniature version of a rover sent to planet Mars of today. The film therefore persuasively delivers scenes and special effects that are ambitious yet plausible, innovative yet full of character. In any sic-if action movie or thriller, one would assume that the score should be just s dark, futuristic, and psychologically complex. Minority Report did just that but also included instrumental, classical music that not only added aesthetic delight to the film but surprisingly complemented the high-wired action -reflecting the thoughts, desires, inner turmoil and conflicts within the usual mechanical, controlled external demeanor of not only the characters, but of most the people in general. Bits and pieces from symphonies of Schubert, Bach, and Tchaikovsky dominate the film especially the opening sequence where John Anderson operates in Pre-Crime unit. Exquisite music companies his every move and every stance, almost giving the impression that he is conducting a symphonic orchestra ( The score augments the impression that the film desires to give that the crime system works impeccably and is believable almost to the point that it gives an edgy feeling that it can possibly capture the near future. This music theme dramatically rises in action as a solo horn and piano solo when John Anderson is seen reliving the memories of his lost son, Sean, and divorced wife, Lard, in his lonely apartment ( This is where the viewer is introduced to the protagonist ND the motive that drove him to dedicate himself in such unit, but had there been no enthralling music to complement holographic images and three dimensional videos with which John Anderson is portrayed to be interacting, the despair and profound loss that he is experiencing would not have delivered such a moving and powerful impression. Indeed, a human emotion at its finest. Another remarkable and touching scene is where Ghats describes Jeans life has he not died early on. Music allowed the theme to move through various instrumental combinations and rhythmic pulses, as Ghats comments and expounds on his imagined life ( ). It is quite remarkable and perhaps, the most heart-wrenching scene in this movie, as the music accompanied the message of innocence and hope that the film tries to convey through Ghatss words. The viewer is led to believe that perhaps in the end, there is restitution, reconciliation, and a healing that no amount of suspense and action can deliver. Minority Report truly not only played with visual elements but with raw and deep human sensibilities. There is no question that Tom Cruisers acting gives justice to the role of John Anderson a good cop with an unflappable character, an affable action hero, an all-male example of an American cop, but sometimes so flat and cool, and at worst, disaffecting. What makes him so interesting is that behind a facade of a man in full composure and control, swimming invincibly in a Cargos Sea of robotic technology, is a man who is capable of breaking down, in full emotional nakedness as his compelling side is revealed in the scenes where he relives his life with his abducted and lost son, while all the while high on drugs ( This shift from an impassive to a passionate man is what makes this Spielberg movie feed on emotional manipulation an old trick employed by many films but that which is brought anew by this film. With his own share of action shots, Andersens character does not just perform for the screenplay but effectively distracts and compels the viewer to worry about him. Even in impossible action sequences like falling from heights ( ) and being imprisoned by a car manufactured with him in its bosom ( the viewer is compelled to consider the logic of the action, and not just left wondering if the stunt is plausible. This is because of a motive that has been earlier disclosed -? he has cost a son, one of the tragedies that the Pre-Crime system is trying to avoid. The most intense scenes involve Anderson. A significant, unforgettable one is when he is led to an eccentric character of Dry. Hangman (Lois Smith) in an effort to prove his innocence. A sinister horticulturist taking care of carnivorous plants, Dry. Hangman invented the system an achievement that she conveyed regret in without directly saying it. She has poignant dialogues and insightful words. When she says, l was trying to cure them, it was delivered in an ice-cold tone but One with pure passion underneath in an effort to disclose that the innocent children of drug afflicted mothers who unfortunately turned out to have precognitive powers are also humans, undeserving of the fate of being conscripted into the program where the greater good of mankind is equivalent to a lifetimes worth of slavery. Her character adds a dark undercurrent to the film and significantly uncovers John Andersens vulnerable side when she inadvertently reveals a glitch in the system that while the Pre-cogs are never wrong, they do disagree, and these disagreements called minority reports are generated and stored in the brain f the most gifted of all the Pre-Cogs, Ghats. These minority reports that play a crucial role in proving John Andersens innocence are alternate futures that may have applied to the hundreds of people who were jailed on the assumption of guilt by none other than John Anderson himself. The shock and terrifying look on his face has it all the realization that he has imprisoned people who may not have not acted on intentions, but chose to stop and redirect his actions. By Dry. Hangmans dialogue that says, In order to see the light, one has to risk the dark ( the film reiterates an oven/whelming incept of humanity that questions of morality and ethics of justice need to be reconciled with their answers, and they are too significant to be ignored. Of the three Pre-Cogs, Ghats (Samaritan Morton) takes on the lead role. Her character is that of an intense connection with John Anderson physical but not sexual; overwhelmingly helpless, yet strong; innocent and comforting, yet strange and disturbing all in quite distinction from Andersens character, but that what renders Anderson a sense of vulnerability and self-discovery. As a tormented pre-Cog, reduced to feverish utterances and constant screaming, Ghats embodies human frailty and slavery. From the beginning of the story, she clutches on to John Anderson in a plea for help, for understanding, for the realization that she is the ultimate victim, and that she longs for liberation. Compulsively replaying the murder of her own mother, Anne Lively, she asks Anderson, Can you see? ( ) a two-faced question that seems to evoke the thought that, l, too have lost and suffered, and want to be free. With her constant exhaustion and frightened, wide-eyed stance, she manages to aid Anderson in his evasion from his skyscrapers colleagues and ultimately brings IM face to face with Andersens dilemma that only he can reckon with to deliberately act on his intentions of shooting Leo Crow after being led to believe that he abducted and killed his lost son, as exactly was predicted by the Pre-Cogs, or to choose to walk away, abandoning his intention to kill. Minority Report in its pure cinematic form, and John Anderson in his finest moment, bring home the films flagrant, unmitigated message in the sequence that follows where Anderson, instead of shooting Leo Crow, begins to read his Miranda rights ( ) a person has the power to shape his destiny by is ability to freely choose. A profound moral least expected from a science fiction! Minority Report is not necessarily flawless. There is a paradox at work, One that can drive a person to madness, but one that is utterly delicious John Anderson runs because he is accused, but the act itself begins the chain of events that lead to it the prediction that drives the act, or what is known as the self-fulfilling prophecy. A vicious cycle, like a dog chasing its own tail. This however, does not preclude the important metaphors and thought- provoking scenes that this film offers predestination or free will, a usability or a certainty, technological advancement or slavery, crime-free society or loss of human freedom? The film attempts at revelation but walks away, leaving a path for self-discovery, an absorbing journey to full humanity. It does offer optimism, a certainty that at the end of the journey is not incarceration but awakening, a courageous step to open doors and not recognition of defeat, a transcendence of grief and loss and not a ploy to escapism, an appreciation of unique gifts with no oppression, reliability but not infallibility. Like the many facets in life, the theme is complex and enigmatic; one that generates more questions than answers, but one that does not neglect the true meaning of being human. What defines a person and what he is capable of is as clear as what W. E. Henley famously puts, l am the master of my fate: am the captain of my soul. Ultimately, it is man who determines his own future.

Wuthering Heights Questions for Study and Discussion

'Wuthering Heights' Questions for Study and Discussion Wuthering Heights is one of the greatest works by Emily Bronte. Here are a few questions for study and discussion. Questions for Study and Discussion What is important about the title? AnswerWhat are the conflicts in Wuthering Heights? AnswerHow does Emily Bronte reveal character in Wuthering Heights?What are some themes in the story? How do they relate to the plot and characters?What are some symbols in​ Wuthering Heights? How do they relate to the plot and characters?Are the characters consistent in their actions? Which of the characters are fully developed? How? Why?Do you find the characters likable? Are the characters persons you would want to meet?Does the story end the way you expected? How? Why?What is the central/primary purpose of the story? Is the purpose important or meaningful?How does the novel relate to feminist literature?How essential is the setting to the story? Could the story have taken place anywhere else?What is the role of women in Wuthering Heights? How are mothers represented? What about single/independent women?What elements of the story, plot, characterization, etc. are the most controversial? Why do you think the book was banned? Do you believe the book should remain banned? This novel has been compared to the Twilight series. Do you agree? Why? Why not?Compare A Rose for Emily, by William Faulkner, with this novel. How do the characters cope with rejection?Would you recommend this novel to a friend?

Conceptual Issues in Evolutionary Archaeology Research Paper

Conceptual Issues in Evolutionary Archaeology - Research Paper Example Jones is mainly recognized because of the many films he has acted, some of which include: Last crusade, Lost Ark Raiders and Temple of Doom among others (Winterhalder & Eric, 2000). In understanding the character of Indiana Jones, these films depict some of the traits that make him have a great influence over the people. Most of these films have similar plots, presenting the ways which Indy employs to prevent Hitler’s hands from holding the biblical artifacts. For instance, the movie that explains how the covenant ark was lost is a controversial story, by first trying to understand if the ark existed in the first place. Scholars have ever since tried to explain the whereabouts of the ark, but they have not yet come up with valuable conclusions to the issue (Bentley & Herbert, 2001). Some say it was carried to Canaan while others say that it was destroyed in Babylon.Another movie that approaches archeology in a better way is Last Crusade. It similarly explores another treasure in the bible- Holy Grail (Arnold & Nancy, 2001). This treasure like the ark has numerous stories surrounding its history. People have no clear idea of its existence, and where it finally went to. Some people claim that Arimathea Joseph carried the Grail to France with him, and this claims triggered Nazi to start his Grail search. In the movie, Jones acts brilliantly during their travel, by making marks on the way which in turn give him clues that guide him to the final resting place of the Grail.... His theoretical diversity in many of the movies he has acted, portray him as a real archeologist from the way he dresses to the way he presents himself. Processual archaeology presents three perspectives that we can employ in studying Indiana Jones: evolutionary ecology which predicts human behaviors in their ecological contexts, and evaluates their behaviors using ethnographic and archaeological data. Secondly, there is behavioral archaeology which focuses on when, where and how human behavior relates to material cultures. Arnold & Nancy (2001) explain that there is the Darwinian archaeology perspective that tries to reconcile Darwinian Theory and other scientific explanations of evolution. On the other hand, the postprocessual perspective comes up with criticisms of the early studies. Literature Review Postprocessual Archeology Postprocessualists are opposed to the ideas of science as the only source of knowledge. They generally classify scientific studies into non-positivist perce ptions with no basis (Johnson, 2010). For instance, these people claim that the empirical studies done by science are not satisfactory enough, since they do not have sufficient fundamental facts. According to the postprocessualists, we have active individuals hence, they do not agree with the views of archeologists who make individuals to be lost in their theories. They thus advocate for individuals to be active instead of following blindly the social norms and values that are presented to them. They then emphasize on agency as a tool of active individuals (Hegmon, 2003 & Hurt & Rakita, 2001). Focusing on their understanding, one can conclude that they urge archaeologists to consider rules that can be changed creatively by social